“Judge Junkets Come Under Scrutiny”: This audio segment (RealPlayer required) appeared on today’s broadcast of NPR‘s “Morning Edition.”

The U.S. Senate has just voted to confirm Brett M. Kavanaugh to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit: The vote in favor of confirmation was 57-36.

Update: Once posted online, the official roll call tally should appear at this link.

The U.S. Senate has just begun its up-or-down vote on the nomination of Brett M. Kavanaugh to serve on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit: Typically, these votes take about thirty minutes to complete. You can view the proceedings live, online via C-SPAN2 (RealPlayer required).

Available online from law.com: An article reports that “Awaiting High Court Review of Lethal Injection, Circuits Are Divided.”

And in other news, “Legal Observers Divided on Odds of Successful Appeal in Enron Case; Jury finds Lay and Skilling guilty in fraud trial.”

At 8:45 a.m. this morning, the U.S. Senate will begin post-cloture consideration of the nomination of Brett M. Kavanaugh to serve on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit: An up-or-down vote to confirm is expected today, although as Ed Whelan notes in this post at National Review Online’s “Bench Memos” blog, “Senate rules would allow 30 hours of post-cloture debate.” C-SPAN2 (RealPlayer required) will, as usual, provide live coverage of today’s Senate proceedings.

“Two Enron Chiefs Are Convicted in Fraud and Conspiracy Trial”: This article appears today in The New York Times, along with articles headlined “Verdict on an Era: Arrogance and Recklessness at Enron“; “Ignorance Claim Did Not Sway Enron Jury“; and “A Lingering Resentment and a Desire to Move Beyond Rueful Memories.” The newspaper also contains an editorial entitled “And Justice for All.” James P. Othmer has an op-ed entitled “Masters of the Universe, Unite!” And columnist Joe Nocera has an essay entitled “The Jurors Who Saw Through the Sideshow” (TimesSelect subscription required).

The Washington Post today contains front page articles headlined “Enron Leaders Found Guilty; Massive Fraud Pinned to Lay, Skilling” and “Defendants Sunk by Their Testimony.” The newspaper also contains articles headlined “From the Ex-Employees: Revenge, Shock, Sadness“; “White-Collar Crime’s New Milestone“; and “Once a Friend and Ally, Now a Distant Memory.” An editorial is entitled “Not Just Bad Apples: The welcome convictions in the Enron trial do not make post-Enron accounting reform any less necessary.” And columnist Steven Pearlstein has an essay entitled “Convictions Drive Home the Point Again.”

The Los Angeles Times contains articles headlined “Enron’s Top Executives Are Convicted of Fraud; Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling are also found guilty of conspiracy in a scandal that brought down the company and cost investors billions“; “Skilling’s Lawyer Girds for an Appeal“; “Chances of Overturning Verdict Seen as Slim; The defense cites the case’s venue and other court rulings as grounds for an appeal; But experts see no mistakes to warrant a new trial“; “Californians See ‘Poetic Justice’; Still smarting from the 2000-01 energy crisis, residents and officials exult over the verdicts“; “Firm’s Fall Led to Change in Conduct; Enron’s collapse spurred a crackdown that increased pressure on corporate leadership to enhance and enforce ethics guidelines“; “‘How Could They Not See It?’; Jurors say they became convinced that Lay and Skilling had to have known about the fraud that was occurring at the company they ran“; “‘He Doesn’t Just Win. He Destroys’; Co-lead prosecutor John Hueston is known by friends and foes as a tough opponent“; and “No Hometown Heroes; Enron once had great prestige in Houston; Residents, many of whom know victims of the malfeasance, now feel justice was served.”

USA Today contains articles headlined “Lay, Skilling found guilty; Both men could spend the rest of their lives in prison“; “Jurors: Ex-Enron execs not credible; Prosecution’s witnesses backed each other up“; “How jurors reached the decision“; “Wives, ex-wives faced trials of their own; Spouses were under a lot of pressure, analysts say“; and “Many who lost savings, jobs pleased; ‘It restores our faith in the system,’ says ex-employee.”

In The Houston Chronicle, Mary Flood has articles headlined “Ex-Enron bosses closer to prison; Top execs convicted in scheme to hide firm’s financial health; experts say they could get up to 25 years at Sept. 11 sentencing” and “Defense will focus on judge’s decisions; Not moving case outside Houston, fast jury selection likely to be at issue.” In addition, the newspaper contains articles headlined “Evidence buried the testimony of Lay, Skilling; Jurors said they started their task with open minds“; “Tension before the verdict, then sobs“; “White-collar status no ticket to ‘Club Fed’; Once in prison, Lay and Skilling could be living with drug dealers and gang members“; “Convictions bring bittersweet relief; Some view the outcome as justice, while others saw a different side of Lay on the stand“; “Verdict met with range of reactions; Some in area are surprised; others say ‘justice has been served’“; “Focus was on Lay’s personality; Hueston came well-prepared with ‘ice in his veins’“; “A federal strike at scandal in world of CEOs; Other cases were bigger, but Enron became a symbol, official says“; “Skilling’s ex upset at being ‘dragged into’ case; She doesn’t like how prosecutors presented her or her business“; “For the media, a chapter closes; Filmmakers, TV, print and online reporters reflect on the coverage“; and “You can’t interpret rules, McNair says; Texans owner followed case against former business partners.”

“Avoiding Clash, Senate Sends Judicial Nomination to Floor”: The New York Times today contains an article that begins, “The Senate cleared the way on Thursday for a top aide to President Bush, Brett M. Kavanaugh, to be confirmed for the federal appeals court, avoiding a partisan showdown over a nomination that had been stalled for three years.”

“Evolution stickers ruling tossed; Appeals panel orders trial judge to reopen Cobb case”: The Atlanta Journal-Constitution today contains an article that begins, “The federal appeals court in Atlanta on Thursday declined to rule on the constitutionality of controversial Cobb County evolution disclaimers because the court said it did not have enough information to make the decision.”

“Secrets Claims In NSA Case May Stop Suits”: This article (free access) appears today in The Wall Street Journal.

“How the Federal Courts Can Clean Up America’s Extraterritorial Prisons — Including Its Secret Prisons: Learning from the Courts’ Experience With Jim Crow Criminal Courts.” Aziz Huq has this essay today online at FindLaw.

“Senate Clears the Way for Kavanaugh Vote”: The Associated Press provides this report.

The U.S. Senate has just begun to vote on whether to invoke cloture on the nomination of Brett M. Kavanaugh to serve on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit: The cloture request is expected to succeed this evening, allowing an up-or-down vote on the nomination to occur, perhaps as early as tomorrow.

Update: By a vote of 67-30, the Senate has invoked cloture.

Ludacris calls copyright infringement claim ludicrous: The Associated Press provides this report.

In somewhat related coverage, readers may recall my post from May 2005 titled “The rapper formerly known as ‘C-Murder’ faced a similar problem.”

“Experts Says Cheney Can’t Avoid Testifying”: The Associated Press provides this report.

“Appeals court throws out Cobb ‘evolution’ ruling; More hearings to be held on controversial textbook stickers”: Bill Rankin of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution provides this news update.

“Judge Becker’s Last Criminal Law Opinions — An Appreciation”: Attorney Peter Goldberger has this interesting guest post at the “Third Circuit Blog.”

Peter’s post concludes, “When Judge Becker presided at oral argument, the red light meant nothing. Argument continued until all questions had been explored thoroughly. It always seemed like he had all the time in the world to try and ‘get it right.’ Alas, he did not have as much time as we would have wanted him to have, for our own sakes — many more years of dispensing justice with an even hand, a keen intellect, and a kind heart.”

“3 in Paintball Case Complain About Trials”: The Associated Press provides this report on an appeal argued today before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.

“Less Leeway for Religious Colleges”: Inside Higher Ed provides a report that begins, “Ministers or other religious officials may sue a religious college for employment discrimination if the institution’s reasons for taking the contested employment action are not grounded in ‘faith, doctrine, or internal regulation’ of the church, a divided federal appeals court ruled Wednesday.”

“First-cut Enron sentencing questions (and links)”: Law Professor Douglas A. Berman has this post at his “Sentencing Law and Policy” blog.

In Cobb County, Georgia evolution sticker case, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit remands the case for new evidentiary proceedings and new findings based on the evidence then introduced into the record: Circuit Judge Ed Carnes wrote today’s opinion on behalf of a unanimous three-judge panel.

As the introduction to today’s opinion explains, “Whether we should reverse or affirm the judgment depends on the evidence that was before the district court, and we cannot tell from the record what that evidence was. Everyone agrees that some evidence presented to the district court has been omitted from the record on appeal, but the attorneys have not been able to identify what was omitted. The problems presented by a record containing significant evidentiary gaps are compounded because at least some key findings of the district court are not supported by the evidence that is contained in the record. We have concluded that the unfilled gaps in the record, coupled with the problematic nature of some of the district court’s factfindings, prevent proper appellate review of the merits of the important constitutional issues raised in this case.”

The stickers in question, affixed by the defendant school district and board of education inside the front cover of some science textbooks used in the public schools of the county, stated: “This textbook contains material on evolution. Evolution is a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things. This material should be approached with an open mind, studied carefully, and critically considered.”

“Enron Chiefs Guilty of Fraud and Conspiracy”: The New York Times provides this news update.

The Washington Post provides a news update headlined “Jury Convicts Enron’s Skilling and Lay.”

The Los Angeles Times provides a news update headlined “Enron Executives Guilty on Most Counts.”

The Houston Chronicle provides news updates headlined “Enron jurors find Lay, Skilling guilty“; “Enron jury finally speaks out“; and “Enron verdict scorecard, count by count.”

Finally, Texas Lawyer provides a news update headlined “Enron’s Lay and Skilling Found Guilty.”

“Opponents of S.D. Abortion Ban Seek Vote”: The Associated Press provides this report.

Additional thoughts on dead judges voting: On the ConLawProfs email list, both Marty Lederman and Law Professor Edward A. Hartnett have exchanged lengthy emails on this subject this morning. I have reproduced those emails here and here, respectively, at “How Appealing Extra.” My earlier posts on this subject can be accessed here and here.

At the risk of overly simplifying matters, Marty notes in his email of this morning that 28 U.S.C. sec. 46 authorizes the “hearing and determination of cases and controversies by separate panels, each consisting of three judges.” Marty further notes that the U.S. Supreme Court, in United States v. American-Foreign Steamship Corp., 363 U.S. 685 (1960), held that “A case or controversy is ‘determined’ when it is decided.”

Marty goes on to reason, however, that an appeal is necessarily determined/decided in advance of the date on which an opinion is filed by the Clerk of a federal appellate court, especially in the Third Circuit, where the internal operating procedures require that any precedential opinion be circulated to all active judges before filing. Thus, Marty does not believe that a judge whose vote is dispositive in the outcome of an appeal must remain alive until the date on which the opinion and judgment of the appellate court are filed in order for the judge’s vote to count.

I continue to disagree with Marty, and I note that in American-Foreign Steamship the U.S. Supreme Court held that “A case or controversy is ‘determined’ when it is decided.” A large number of federal appellate courts state on the face of their precedential opinions that the date on which the opinion issued is the date on which the case was decided. (See, for example, recent opinions from the D.C. Circuit, the Second Circuit, the Fourth Circuit, the Seventh Circuit, and the Federal Circuit.) This persuasively indicates that the date on which a federal appellate court’s decision is filed, and judgment is entered on the federal appellate court’s docket, is synonymous with the date on which the case is decided. Moreover, as a matter of common sense, an appeal is not in fact “decided” until the court before which the appeal is pending has issued its decision.

For these reasons, I remain of the view that in order for a federal judge to provide the dispositive vote in support of a federal appellate court’s judgment, he or she must be among the living on the date that the judgment is entered on the docket.

Also agreeing with me is Law Professor Stephen I. Vladeck, who emails:

Thanks for taking the blog mantle on such an interesting issue. Marty and I have been exchanging e-mails, and the only thing I’d add to what’s already more than deftly covered in your posts so far is the role, if any, of 28 U.S.C. [sec.] 46, including 46(b), which requires that Courts of Appeals (save for the Federal Circuit) sit as three-judge panels, and 46(d), which allows two judges to serve as a quorum (back to the “Circuit Justice Roberts” flap…). Usually, when the two remaining judges agree, 46(d) becomes the basis on which they decide a case involving a deceased (or elevated) jurist, e.g., when Judge Fred Parker passed away last year. See United States v. Allied Stevedoring Co., 241 F.2d 925, 927 (2d Cir. 1957) (L. Hand, J.). There’s no suggestion that the missing judge’s vote “counts”; rather, all of the cases (except this one) are of the mind that the quorum provision is what saves the day.

If we assume that there comes a point after which missing judges can no longer vote, I still don’t think there is a serious argument that the vote of a missing judge invalidates the decision, thanks to 46(d) (but see Nguyen v. United States, 539 U.S. 69 (2003), holding that the presence of a non-Article III judge voids the decisions of a Ninth Circuit panel notwithstanding the presence of a quorum). But it does seem to me that, since case law seems to be clear that it is the date of filing the opinion on which the opinion becomes “law,” there’s a serious question as to the precedential value of an opinion such as Petruska, which, in my view, should really be seen as an affirmance by an equally divided court

Thanks to all who have emailed to share their views on this interesting topic.

“Lay, Skilling Convicted in Enron Collapse”: The Associated Press provides this report.

The Houston Chronicle provides a news update headlined “Enron jurors find Lay, Skilling guilty.”

And CNNMoney.com reports that “Skilling and Lay guilty; Ex-CEO and founder convicted on fraud and conspiracy charges in Enron case.”

Finally, CBS Radio News is reporting that the judge in Ken Lay’s bench trial for bank fraud has also returned a guilty verdict.

“Verdict Is Reached in Enron Trial”: The Associated Press reports here that “The jury in the fraud and conspiracy trial of Enron founder Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling has reached a verdict. It will be announced at noon EDT.”

“Justices Restore Exit Exam; Diplomas for thousands of high school seniors are at risk after the state high court reinstates the test and asks an appeals court to decide the case”: This article appears today in The Los Angeles Times.

The San Francisco Chronicle today contains articles headlined “School exit test reinstated by state high court; Foes to appeal ruling that could keep thousands from graduating” and “Some students feel left in the lurch.”

The Sacramento Bee reports that “Exit exam back on for class of ’06.”

And The New York Times reports that “California Court Reinstates Statewide Exit Exam for High Schools.”

“Ken Starr Has Something to Say”: CalLaw.com’s “Legal Pad” blog provides a post that begins, “The constitutional fight over marriage in California, though civil, has already exhibited a certain potential for absurdly crowded courtroom scenes.”

“Senate May Bypass a Battle Over Bush’s Federal Court Nominees”: Bloomberg News provides a report that begins, “The U.S. Senate, on the brink of gridlock over judicial nominations a year ago, is finessing a showdown over President George W. Bush’s most divisive choices for the federal bench.”

“Counsel Says He May Use Cheney in Libby Trial”: This article appears today in The New York Times.

The Washington Post today contains a front page article headlined “Libby Told Grand Jury Cheney Spoke of Plame; Vice President May Be Called as Witness.”

And The Los Angeles Times reports that “Cheney Might Testify in Libby Case.”

“Jury seeks 3 exhibit lists, full transcript; Latest in series of requests may signal thoughtful, slow deliberation”: Today in The Houston Chronicle, Mary Flood has an article that begins, “The jury in the fraud and conspiracy trial of former Enron top executives Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling spent a fifth day in the deliberation room Wednesday and is due back today.”

And USA Today reports today that “3 Enron cases await verdicts; Judge OKs $6.6B civil settlement.”

“In Rapt Courtroom, A Struggle of Wills; Muhammad, Malvo Spar on the Stand”: This front page article appears today in The Washington Post, along with an article headlined “Muhammad’s Ex-Wife Speaks Of Abuse, Fears; Sniper Sought Children, She Says.” And columnist Marc Fisher has an essay entitled “The Chilling Alchemy Of a Sniper’s Spell.”

The Baltimore Sun, meanwhile, contains articles headlined “Malvo, sniper tangle again; Muhammad cross-examines ex-protege for 2nd day, erupts at prosecution objections“; “Muhammad, Malvo vie for upper hand; Defendant seems to seek dominance; his ex-protege resists“; and “Malvo story of Baltimore plot called ‘alarming,’ ‘sobering.’”

“When jurors have a say: Some courts are letting them actively participate in trials.” Columnist Steve Chapman has this op-ed today in The Chicago Tribune.

“Supreme Court: 9-0 is better than 5-4; Can the chief justice conquer the court’s divide by aiming for unanimous rulings instead of swing-voting for the fences?” Law Professor Cass R. Sunstein has this op-ed today in The Los Angeles Times.

“A Law Firm Under Pressure: Case Reopens Debate on Whether to Indict a Company.” This article appears today in The Washington Post.

“Firms Donated to Groups That Gave Judges Free Trips”: The Washington Post today contains an article that begins, “Two organizations that have provided free trips to hundreds of federal judges received large contributions from tobacco, oil and other corporate interests, according to documents released yesterday.”

Yesterday, Community Rights Counsel issued a press release titled “Tobacco and Oil Company Documents Undercut Groups’ Claims to Media, Judges and Public About Corporate Funding for Judges’ Junkets.”